Cishe yonke into esihlangana nayo emhlabeni wesimanje incike emikhiqizweni kagesi ngokwezinga elithile.Kusukela saqala ukuthola indlela yokusebenzisa ugesi ukuze sikhiqize umsebenzi wemishini, siye sakha amadivaysi awo wonke amasayizi ukuze sithuthukise izimpilo zethu.Kusukela ekukhanyeni kuya kumafoni ahlakaniphile, yonke idivayisi esiyithuthukisayo iqukethe izingxenye ezimbalwa nje ezilula, ezihlanganiswe ndawonye ekucushweni okuhlukahlukene.Eqinisweni, isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu, besithembele ku:
Inguquko yethu yesimanje ye-elekthronikhi incike kulezi zinhlobo ezine zezingxenye kanye nama-transistors akamuva, okusilethela cishe yonke into esiyisebenzisayo namuhla.Njengoba sijaha ukwenza izinto ze-elekthronikhi zibe zincane, siqaphe izici eziningi zempilo yethu kanye neqiniso, sidlulise idatha eyengeziwe ngamandla amancane, futhi sixhumanisa izinto zethu zodwa, maduze sizohlangabezana nalokhu Umkhawulo wakudala.ubuchwepheshe.Kodwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, intuthuko emihlanu iyahlangana, futhi isiqalile ukushintsha umhlaba wethu wanamuhla.Yilokhu okwenzekayo konke.
1.) Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-graphene.Phakathi kwazo zonke izinto ezitholakala emvelweni noma ezidalwe elabhorethri, idayimane ayiseyona into enzima kakhulu.Eziyisithupha ziqinile, futhi ezinzima kunazo zonke i-graphene.I-graphene ehlukaniswe ngephutha elabhorethri ngo-2004 iyishidi lekhabhoni eliwugqinsi lwe-athomu elilodwa elikhiywe ndawonye ngephethini yekristalu eyi-hexagonal.Eminyakeni eyisithupha kuphela ngemva kwalokhu kuthuthukiswa, abavumbululi bayo u-Andrei Heim noKostya Novoselov bawina uMklomelo KaNobel kuPhysics.Akuyona nje into enzima kunazo zonke ezake zaba khona, futhi ikwazi ukumelana nokucindezeleka ngokomzimba, kwamakhemikhali, kanye nokushisa, kodwa iyihele le-athomu eliphelele.
"Mhlawumbe sisonqenqemeni kwenye i-miniaturization yemikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi, ezokwenza amakhompyutha asebenze kahle esikhathini esizayo."
I-Graphene iphinde ibe nezindawo zokuqhuba ezihehayo, okusho ukuthi uma izinto zikagesi, okuhlanganisa nama-transistors, zingenziwa nge-graphene esikhundleni se-silicon, zingaba zincane futhi zisheshe kunanoma yini esinayo namuhla.Uma i-graphene ixubene nepulasitiki, ipulasitiki ingashintshwa ibe into ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa, enamandla, futhi ingahambisa ugesi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhanya kwe-graphene ekukhanyeni cishe ku-98%, okusho ukuthi iguqula izikrini zokuthinta ezibonisa izinto, amaphaneli akhipha ukukhanya ngisho namaseli elanga.Njengoba i-Nobel Foundation yasho eminyakeni engu-11 edlule, "Mhlawumbe siseduze nokwenza kancane omunye umkhiqizo we-elekthronikhi, ozokwenza amakhompyutha asebenze kahle esikhathini esizayo."
2.) Surface Mount resistors.Lobu "ubuchwepheshe obusha" obudala kunabo bonke, futhi noma ubani owake wahlaziya ikhompuyutha noma umakhalekhukhwini kungenzeka ukuthi uyayazi.I-surface mount resistor yinto encane engunxande, ngokuvamile eyenziwe nge-ceramic, enemiphetho ehambisayo kuzo zombili iziphetho.Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-ceramics kungavimbela ukugeleza kwamandla ngaphandle kokukhipha amandla noma ukushisa, ngaleyo ndlela kukwazi ukudala ama-resistors aphakeme kunama-resistors amadala wendabuko asetshenziswe ngaphambili: i-axial leaded resistors.
Lezi zici zizenza zifaneleke kakhulu kumishini kagesi yesimanje, ikakhulukazi ukusetshenziswa okuphansi kwamandla kanye namadivayisi eselula.Uma udinga isixhasi, ungasebenzisa eyodwa yalawa ma-SMD (amadivayisi okukhweza angaphezulu) ukuze unciphise usayizi omdingayo we-resistor noma ukhuphule amandla ongawasebenzisa kuwo ngaphakathi komkhawulo wosayizi ofanayo.
3.) I-Super capacitor.Ama-Capacitor angobunye bobuchwepheshe obudala kakhulu be-elekthronikhi.Zisekelwe ekusetheni okulula lapho izindawo ezimbili zokuqhuba (amapuleti, amasilinda, amagobolondo ayindilinga, njll.) zihlukaniswa ukusuka komunye nomunye ngebanga elincane, futhi lezi zindawo ezimbili zingagcina amacala alinganayo futhi aphikisanayo.Uma uzama ukudlula okwamanje nge-capacitor, iyashaja;uma uvala okwamanje noma uxhuma amabhodi amabili, i-capacitor iyaphuma.Ama-Capacitor anezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza, okuhlanganisa ukugcinwa kwamandla, ukuqhuma okusheshayo kokukhishwa kwamandla ngesikhathi esisodwa, kanye ne-piezoelectric electronics, lapho izinguquko kumfutho wedivayisi kukhiqiza amasignali kagesi.
Yiqiniso, akuyona nje inselele ukwenza amapuleti amaningi anezikhala ezincane kakhulu, esikalini esincane kakhulu, kodwa futhi alinganiselwe ngokuyisisekelo.Intuthuko yakamuva ezintweni zokwakha—ikakhulukazi i-calcium copper titanate (CCTO)—yenza kube nokwenzeka ukugcina amanani amakhulu eshaje kagesi ezindaweni ezincane: ama-supercapacitor.Le mishini emincane ingashajwa futhi ishajwe izikhathi eziningi ngaphambi kokuthi iguge;bayashaja futhi bakhiphe ngokushesha;futhi bagcina amandla aphindwe izikhathi eziyi-100 ngevolumu yeyunithi kunama-capacitor amadala.Mayelana nemikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi encane, iwubuchwepheshe obushintsha umdlalo.
4.) Ama-Super inductors.Owokugcina kwe-"Big Three", i-Super Inductor ngumhlanganyeli omusha kakhulu, ongazange abonakale kwaze kwaba ngu-2018. I-inductor ngokuyisisekelo ikhoyili, ingqikithi yamanje kanye ne-magnetizable esetshenziswa ndawonye.I-inductor iphikisana noshintsho lwensimu yayo yangaphakathi yamagnetic, okusho ukuthi uma uzama ukuvumela ukugeleza kwamanje kukodwa, izomelana okwesikhashana, bese ivumela ukugeleza kwamanje ngokukhululekile kuyo, futhi ekugcineni imelane nalolu shintsho futhi uma uvula icishiwe okwamanje.Kanye nama-resistors nama-capacitor, yizici ezintathu eziyisisekelo zawo wonke ama-circuits.Kodwa futhi, kunomkhawulo wokuthi bangaba bancane kangakanani.
Inkinga ukuthi inani le-inductance lincike endaweni engaphezulu ye-inductor, engumbulali wamaphupho ngokuya nge-miniaturization.Kodwa-ke, ngaphezu komqondo wamagnetic wakudala, kukhona nomqondo wokunyakaza: inertia yezinhlayiya eziphethe okwamanje zivimbela ukuguqulwa kokunyakaza kwazo.Njengoba nje izintuthwane ezisemugqeni kufanele “zikhulume” zodwa ukuze zishintshe isivinini sazo, lezi zinhlayiya eziphethe manje (njengama-electron) kudingeka zisebenzisane amandla ukuze zisheshise noma zehle.Lokhu kumelana noshintsho kudala umuzwa wokunyakaza.Ngaphansi kobuholi be-Nanoelectronics Research Laboratory ka-Kaustav Banerjee, i-inductor eguquguqukayo esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-graphene iye yathuthukiswa: okokusebenza okunokuminyana okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-inductance.
5.) Faka i-graphene kunoma iyiphi idivayisi.Manje ake sibheke.Sine-graphene.Sinezinguqulo "ezinhle kakhulu" zama-resistor, ama-capacitor nama-inductors-miniaturized, ama-rugged, athembekile futhi asebenza kahle.Okungenani ngokombono, isithiyo sokugcina ekuguqukeni kwe-electronics ultra-miniaturization yikhono lokuguqula cishe noma iyiphi idivayisi eyenziwe nganoma iyiphi into ibe idivayisi kagesi.Ukwenza lokhu kwenzeke, esikudingayo nje ukuthi sikwazi ukushumeka izinto zikagesi ezisekelwe ku-graphene kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwezinto esizifunayo, okuhlanganisa izinto eziguquguqukayo.Iqiniso lokuthi i-graphene inikeza uketshezi oluhle, ukuguquguquka, amandla kanye nokusebenza ngenkathi ingenabungozi emzimbeni womuntu ikwenza kube ukukhetha okuhle kule njongo.
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, imishini ye-graphene ne-graphene yenziwe kuphela ngezinqubo ezimbalwa ezinemikhawulo emikhulu.Ungakwazi ukufaka oxidize i-graphite endala evamile, bese uyincibilikisa emanzini, bese wenza i-graphene nge-chemical vapor deposition.Kodwa-ke, ama-substrates ambalwa kuphela angafaka i-graphene ngale ndlela.Ungakwazi ukwehlisa ngamakhemikhali i-graphene oxide, kodwa uma wenza kanjalo, uzogcina une-graphene yekhwalithi ephansi.Ungakwazi futhi ukukhiqiza i-graphene ngokucwecwa ngomshini, kodwa lokhu akukuvumeli ukuthi ulawule usayizi noma ukujiya kwe-graphene ekhiqizwayo.
Yilapho inqubekelaphambili ye-laser engraving graphene ilele.Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokufeza lokhu.Enye iwukuqala nge-graphene oxide.Ngokufanayo nangaphambili: u-oxidize i-graphite, kodwa esikhundleni sokuyinciphisa ngamakhemikhali, uyayinciphisa nge-laser.Ngokungafani ne-graphene oxide encishiswe ngamakhemikhali, lokhu kudala umkhiqizo wekhwalithi ephezulu ongasetshenziswa kuma-supercapacitor, ama-electronic circuits, nama-memory card, ukusho okumbalwa.
Ungasebenzisa futhi i-polyimide—ipulasitiki enezinga eliphezulu lokushisa—futhi usebenzise i-laser ukwenza iphethini yegraphene kuyo ngokuqondile.Ilaser inqamula izibopho zamakhemikhali kunethiwekhi ye-polyimide, futhi ama-athomu ekhabhoni azihlanganisa kabusha ngokushisa ukuze akhe ishidi legraphene elincanyana, lekhwalithi ephezulu.I-Polyimide ibonise inani elikhulu lezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingase zibe khona, ngoba uma ungakwazi ukuqopha amasekhethi e-graphene kuyo, ungakwazi ngokuyisisekelo ukuguqula noma yikuphi ukuma kwe-polyimide ukwenze idivayisi ye-elekthronikhi egqokekayo.Lokhu, ukubala okumbalwa, kuhlanganisa:
Kodwa mhlawumbe into ejabulisa kakhulu—uma kucatshangelwa ukuvela nokukhuphuka kwe-graphene eqoshwe nge-laser kanye nokuba khona kwayo yonke indawo yezinto ezintsha ezitholakele—kusemkhathizwe okungenzeka njengamanje.Usebenzisa i-laser-eqoshiwe i-graphene, ungaqoqa futhi ugcine amandla: idivayisi yokulawula amandla.Esinye sezibonelo ezishaqisayo zokuhluleka kwezobuchwepheshe ukuqhubeka amabhethri.Namuhla, cishe sisebenzisa amabhethri amakhemikhali amaseli omile ukuze sigcine amandla kagesi, okuwubuchwepheshe onomlando wamakhulu eminyaka.Izibonelo zemishini emisha yokugcina idaliwe, njengamabhethri e-zinc-air nama-solid state flexible electrochemical capacitor.
Ngokusebenzisa i-laser-eqoshiwe i-graphene, asikwazi nje kuphela ukushintsha ngokuphelele indlela esigcina ngayo amandla, kodwa futhi sidale idivayisi egqokekayo eguqula amandla emishini abe amandla kagesi: i-nanogenerator yokushayisana.Singakha izinto ezinhle kakhulu ze-organic photovoltaic, ezingase ziguqule ngokuphelele amandla elanga.Singakwazi futhi ukwenza amaseli e-biofuel aguquguqukayo;amathuba makhulu.Mayelana nokuqoqa nokugcina amandla, uguquko seluzokwenzeka esikhathini esifushane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-graphene eqoshwe nge-laser kufanele ingenise inkathi yezinzwa engakaze ibonwe.Lokhu kufaka phakathi izinzwa zomzimba, ngoba izinguquko zomzimba, njengezinga lokushisa noma ubunzima, zingaholela ekushintsheni kwezici zikagesi, ezifana nokumelana ne-impedance (kuhlanganise nomnikelo we-capacitance kanye ne-inductance).Kuphinde kuhlanganise namadivayisi athola izinguquko ezicini zegesi kanye nomswakama, futhi—uma isetshenziswa emzimbeni womuntu—izinguquko zomzimba ezimpawini ezibalulekile zothile.Isibonelo, i-"Star Trek" igqugquzele umbono wensimbi ye-triaxial, inqobo nje uma isiqeshana sokuqapha izimpawu ezibalulekile sifakiwe, sizosikhumbuza ngokushesha nganoma yiziphi izinguquko ezikhathazayo emzimbeni, ezizophelelwa yisikhathi maduze.
Lo mbono ungase futhi uvule inkambu entsha yonke: ama-biosensors asekelwe kubuchwepheshe be-laser engraving graphene.Umphimbo wokwenziwa osuselwe ku-graphene eqoshwe nge-laser ungasiza ukuqapha ukudlidliza komphimbo nokukhomba umehluko wesignali phakathi kokukhwehlela, ukuhomuza, ukuklabalasa, ukugwinya nokunyakazisa ikhanda.Uma ufuna ukwakha i-bioreceptor yokwenziwa engakhomba ama-molecule athile, idizayine ama-biosensors agqokekayo ahlukahlukene, futhi isize nokubona izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene ze-telemedicine, i-laser eqoshwe i-graphene nayo inamandla amakhulu.
Kwaze kwafika ngo-2004 lapho indlela yokukhiqiza amashidi e-graphene okungenani ngamabomu yasungulwa okokuqala.Eminyakeni eyi-17 eyalandela, uchungechunge lwentuthuko efanayo ekugcineni lubeke ithuba lokuyishintsha ngokuphelele indlela abantu abasebenzisa ngayo izinto zikagesi phambili.Uma kuqhathaniswa nazo zonke izindlela zangaphambilini zokukhiqiza nokukhiqiza amadivaysi asekelwe ku-graphene, i-graphene eqoshwe nge-laser ivumela amaphethini we-graphene alula, akhiqizwe ngobuningi, asezingeni eliphezulu, futhi angabizi kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa ugesi wesikhumba.shintsha.
Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, akukhona okungenangqondo ukulindela inqubekelaphambili emkhakheni wezamandla, okuhlanganisa ukulawulwa kwamandla, ukuvunwa kwamandla, nokugcinwa kwamandla.Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, kukhona nokuthuthuka kwezinzwa, okuhlanganisa izinzwa zomzimba, izinzwa zegesi, kanye nezinzwa ze-biosensors.Inguquko enkulu kakhulu ingase ivele kumadivayisi agqokekayo, kuhlanganise nalawo asetshenziselwa ukuxilonga izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-telemedicine.Ngokuqinisekile, zisenezinselele nezithiyo eziningi.Kodwa lezi zithiyo zidinga ukukhuphuka kunokuthuthukiswa koguquko.Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwamadivayisi axhunyiwe kanye ne-inthanethi Yezinto, isidingo semikhiqizo kagesi emincane kakhulu sikhulu kunangaphambili.Ngentuthuko yakamuva kubuchwepheshe be-graphene, ngezindlela eziningi, ikusasa selifikile.
Uhlobo olusha lwesihlanzi samanzi olungahlanza amanzi omfula kalula futhi ngokushesha luzosiza ukuxazulula inkinga yokushoda kwamanzi okuphuza emhlabeni jikelele.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-11-2020